What is fake news?

Fake news is any information that is deliberately or accidentally misinformative or untrue, often published with the intention of misleading the public, damaging an entity, or for financial gain.

Although ‘fake news’ was not a term most people were familiar with even a few years ago, it has since become infamous and was in fact named the 2017 word of the year. Fake news, however, is not a new phenomenon. As early as the 1700s, George Washington wrote that he left public office due to the false writings in newspapers by “infamous scribblers".

What has changed is how easily fake news now spreads in the digital age. Social media platforms have made it possible for misinformationn to to reach large audiences quickly, with serious consequences. Around the world, fake news has caused corporations to lose profit, deepened social divides along racial or religious lines, and even disrupted democratic processes.

In Singapore, recognition of the potential consequences of fake news led to the formation of the Select Committee on Deliberate Online Falsehoods in early 2018. The Chairman of the Media Literacy Council submitted a written representation to the Select Committee on Deliberate Online Falsehoods, stressing the importance of having an informed public that is able to detect, decode, and debunk fake news. Here are some tips to help you achieve that.

What are some examples of fake news?

Propaganda created to influence public perceptions
Falsely stating negative things about the character of a person or entity
Manipulation of images or videos to create a false narrative
News that is fabricated and has no factual grounding
Advertisements trying to gain profit by lying about their costs
Advertisements that appear to have been created by news outlets

What are the dangers of spreading fake news?

Baseless fear is stirred in the public
Resources are wasted as the authorities check the validity of claims
Reputations are hurt when false allegations are made
Innocents lose money to scams
Social divisions are deepened, potentially causing social disharmony
Threat to democracy, such as through influencing and rigging an election

How can I spot fake news?

Check the source: try to find your news from credible sources that have a good reputation, not just through your friends or from social media
Confirm with other reliable sources: check other reliable news sites to see if the same story is running on multiple credible sources
Look at the ‘About us’ or ‘Contact us’ pages: websites with the intent to mislead often don’t have these pages, or have very little helpful information on them
Be sceptical of dramatic headlines: headlines that are particularly dramatic are probably exaggerating something
Look up the language: if an article has lots of spelling or grammatical errors, it likely has not been rigorously checked by the news source
Go to the experts: websites such as Snopes, Factually, and FactCheck have teams who verify whether popular news stories are true or fake
Don’t just trust the figures: check the reliability of the people providing or reporting the numbers as well
Know how the numbers came around: surveys usually need at least 1000 respondents for the sample size to be reliable, and these respondents should be representative of the whole population
Know the agenda: almost all media has a perspective and some shades of bias, so consider the motivations of the person who wrote the article or the friend who shared this on their Facebook or social media accounts

Refer to Quick Tips on Fact-checking for more information on spotting fake news.

Useful links

Quick Tips on Fact-checking

Signs of Fake News

How To Spot Fake News

Questions to Help You Spot Fake News

Understanding the Dangers of Fake News Online

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